The 12 Hallmarks of Aging in Dogs, Explained
Read full insightNatural Antioxidants for Cats
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17 science-backed actives
Contents
References
Numbered references identify the sources used for specific claims. Read the study design, species and evidence boundaries alongside each finding.
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Sanderson SL. Nutritional Requirements of Small Animals. Evidence boundary: Veterinary nutrition guidance on feline vitamin A, vitamin E and vitamin C requirements and functions.↩ 1 · ↩ 2 · ↩ 3 · ↩ 4
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Cornell Feline Health Center. Feeding Your Cat. Evidence boundary: Veterinary guidance on complete food, acceptance, storage and weight management.↩ 1 · ↩ 2 · ↩ 3
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Reactome. Glutathione synthesis and recycling. Evidence boundary: Curated normal glutathione synthesis and recycling, including the amino-acid building materials.↩ 1 · ↩ 2 · ↩ 3 · ↩ 4
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National Center for Biotechnology Information. GPX1 glutathione peroxidase 1 [Homo sapiens (human)]. Evidence boundary: Official GPX1 functional summary on glutathione-dependent peroxide reduction; human annotation.↩
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Panasevich M, Daristotle L, Lin CY, Frantz N. 126 Antioxidant-Containing Kibble Supplemented to Adult Cats Elicited Improvements in Antioxidant Outcomes and C-Reactive Protein. Evidence boundary: Conference report of a 30-cat crossover food study, with measured blood outcomes and industry-affiliated authors.↩ 1 · ↩ 2
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Jewell DE, Panickar KS. Botanicals Reduce Circulating Concentrations of Cholesterol and Triglycerides and Work Synergistically With Arachidonic Acid to Reduce Inflammatory Cytokines in Cats. Evidence boundary: Study of four complete foods in 48 healthy cats, separating botanical and arachidonic-acid combinations; industry funding disclosed.↩
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Park JS, Mathison BD, Hayek MG, Massimino S, Reinhart GA, Chew BP. Astaxanthin stimulates cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in cats. Evidence boundary: Young-cat astaxanthin study measuring selected immune responses over 12 weeks.↩
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Kosmal PAL, Dilger RN, Bauer L, Saunders-Blades J, Shoveller AK. A berry small inclusion: 40 types of commercial dog and cat kibble with added blueberries provide low levels of quercetin, free phenolics, and alkali-labile phenolics. Evidence boundary: Chemical survey of 40 dog and cat foods listing blueberries; not an animal health trial.↩ 1 · ↩ 2
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Fletcher RS et al. Nicotinamide riboside kinases display redundancy in mediating nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide riboside metabolism in skeletal muscle cells. Evidence boundary: Mouse and cell research on NR metabolism and NAD+ precursor pathways.↩
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Reactome. Complex I oxidises NADH to NAD+, reduces CoQ to CoQH2. Evidence boundary: Curated mitochondrial electron-transfer reaction involving NADH and CoQ.↩
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Reactome. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism. Evidence boundary: Curated riboflavin metabolism and its energy-related FMN/FAD cofactors.↩
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Reactome. glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+. Evidence boundary: Curated normal reaction in which NADPH supports glutathione recycling.↩
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Hyland K, Gollakner R. Antioxidants. Evidence boundary: Veterinary overview of antioxidant products, individual precautions and possible adverse effects.↩ 1 · ↩ 2 · ↩ 3 · ↩ 4
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