The 12 Hallmarks of Aging in Dogs, Explained
Read full insightVitamin Antioxidants for Cats
As Seen On
17 science-backed actives
Contents
References
Numbered references identify the sources used for specific claims. Read the study design, species and evidence boundaries alongside each finding.
-
Sanderson SL. Nutritional Requirements of Small Animals. Evidence boundary: Veterinary guidance on feline vitamin A requirements, vitamin C synthesis and other normal nutrient roles.↩ 1 · ↩ 2 · ↩ 3 · ↩ 4
-
Jewell DE, Toll PW, Wedekind KJ, Zicker SC. Effect of increasing dietary antioxidants on concentrations of vitamin E and total alkenals in serum of dogs and cats. Evidence boundary: Six-week complete-food vitamin E trial measuring blood vitamin E and lipid-oxidation products in healthy cats and dogs.↩ 1 · ↩ 2 · ↩ 3 · ↩ 4 · ↩ 5
-
O'Brien T, Thomas DG, Morel PC, Rutherfurd-Markwick KJ. Moderate dietary supplementation with vitamin E enhances lymphocyte functionality in the adult cat. Evidence boundary: Twenty-eight-day adult-cat study of vitamin E, selenium and laboratory immune-cell responses.↩ 1 · ↩ 2 · ↩ 3 · ↩ 4
-
Joly W, Harrison M, Laxalde J, Gaillard V. A Dietary Supplement Containing Nucleotides, Oligosaccharides, Vitamin E and β-Carotene Promotes Immune Response and Gut Microbiota Changes in Kittens. Evidence boundary: Mixed-food study following 50 kittens to 52 weeks of age; selected vaccine-antibody and microbiota outcomes.↩ 1 · ↩ 2
-
Chew BP, Park JS, Weng BC, Wong TS, Hayek MG, Reinhart GA. Dietary beta-carotene absorption by blood plasma and leukocytes in domestic cats. Evidence boundary: Original experiments showing beta-carotene absorption into feline blood and white blood cells.↩
-
Yu S, Paetau-Robinson I. Dietary supplements of vitamins E and C and beta-carotene reduce oxidative stress in cats with renal insufficiency. Evidence boundary: Four-week antioxidant-food study measuring DNA-damage markers in cats with renal insufficiency.↩
-
Krofič Žel M, Tavčar Kalcher G, Vovk T, Žegura B, Lusa L, Tozon N, Nemec Svete A. Supplementation of vitamin E as an addition to a commercial renal diet does not prolong survival of cats with chronic kidney disease. Evidence boundary: Vitamin E added to renal food and standard care in feline CKD; biochemical and clinical outcomes.↩
-
Vecchiato CG, Delsante C, Galiazzo G, Perfetti S, Pinna C, Sabetti MC, Zagnoli L, Biagi G, Pietra M. Case Report: A Case Series Linked to Vitamin D Excess in Pet Food: Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) Toxicity Observed in Five Cats. Evidence boundary: Case series of five young cats exposed to excessive vitamin D3 in a complementary food.↩ 1 · ↩ 2
-
Kayla Hyland, BA, DVM, CHPV; Rania Gollakner, BS, DVM, MPH. Antioxidants. Evidence boundary: Veterinary guidance on product-specific antioxidant use and possible adverse reactions.↩ 1 · ↩ 2 · ↩ 3 · ↩ 4
-
Cornell Feline Health Center. Feeding Your Cat. Evidence boundary: Feline feeding guidance supporting a complete diet appropriate to life stage.↩ 1 · ↩ 2
-
Fletcher RS et al. Nicotinamide riboside kinases display redundancy in mediating nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide riboside metabolism in skeletal muscle cells. Evidence boundary: Mouse and cell study of NR metabolism, supporting normal NAD+ precursor biology.↩ 1 · ↩ 2 · ↩ 3
-
Reactome. Complex I oxidises NADH to NAD+, reduces CoQ to CoQH2. Evidence boundary: Curated normal mitochondrial electron transfer involving NADH and CoQ.↩ 1 · ↩ 2
-
Reactome. glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+. Evidence boundary: Curated glutathione recycling reaction using NADPH and a FAD-containing enzyme.↩ 1 · ↩ 2 · ↩ 3
-
Grant CE, Shoveller AK, Blois S, Bakovic M, Monteith G, Verbrugghe A. Dietary intake of amino acids and vitamins compared to NRC requirements in obese cats undergoing energy restriction for weight loss. Evidence boundary: Feline weight-loss study distinguishing calculated nutrient intakes from clinical deficiency.↩
-
Zafalon RVA et al. Vitamin-mineral supplements do not guarantee the minimum recommendations and may imply risks of mercury poisoning in dogs and cats. Evidence boundary: Laboratory mineral and metal analysis of seven Brazilian vitamin-mineral products for homemade diets.↩
Keep exploring
What would you like to understand next?
Search practical guides about healthy aging, cellular energy, ingredients, and daily support for cats.











