The 12 Hallmarks of Aging in Dogs, Explained
Read full insightProtein for Senior Cats: Muscle, Appetite, Kidney Questions, and Better Decisions
By La Petite Labs Editorial 19 min read
References
Numbered references identify the sources used for specific claims. Read the study design, species and evidence boundaries alongside each finding.
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Ray M, Carney HC, Boynton B, Quimby J, Robertson S, St Denis K, Tuzio H, Wright B. 2021 AAFP Feline Senior Care Guidelines. Evidence boundary: Senior-cat guidance on intake, body and muscle changes, comfort and individual assessment.↩ 1 · ↩ 2 · ↩ 3 · ↩ 4
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Laflamme DP, Hannah SS. Discrepancy between use of lean body mass or nitrogen balance to determine protein requirements for adult cats. Evidence boundary: Adult male-cat experiment comparing nitrogen balance and lean-mass maintenance; 24 enrolled, 20 completed. Purina-funded with company-affiliated authors.↩ 1 · ↩ 2 · ↩ 3 · ↩ 4
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Summers SC, Stockman J, Larsen JA, Sanchez Rodriguez A, Zhang L. Evaluation of nutrient content and caloric density in commercially available foods formulated for senior cats. Evidence boundary: Composition survey of 31 senior and 59 adult cat-food products, not a clinical feeding trial.↩ 1 · ↩ 2
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Hall JA, Jackson MI, Farace G, Yerramilli M, Jewell DE. Influence of Dietary Ingredients on Lean Body Percent, Uremic Toxin Concentrations, and Kidney Function in Senior-Adult Cats. Evidence boundary: Six-month whole-food trial in 44 healthy older cats; multiple ingredients changed together. Hill’s-funded, with Hill’s and IDEXX author affiliations.↩
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Ephraim E, Jewell DE. Effect of Nutrition on Age-Related Metabolic Markers and the Gut Microbiota in Cats. Evidence boundary: Forty-cat crossover food experiment measuring digestibility and metabolic outcomes; Hill’s-funded with company-affiliated authors.↩
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U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “Complete and Balanced” Pet Food. Evidence boundary: FDA guidance on complete-food adequacy statements and moisture-based label comparisons.↩ 1 · ↩ 2 · ↩ 3
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International Renal Interest Society. IRIS Guidelines. Evidence boundary: Official CKD staging and treatment framework, updated in 2026; individual management follows diagnosis.↩ 1 · ↩ 2
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Freeman L, Becvarova I, Cave N, MacKay C, Nguyen P, Rama B, Takashima G, Tiffin R, van Beukelen P, Yathiraj S. WSAVA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines. Evidence boundary: Nutritional-assessment guidance including separate fat and muscle scoring, intake and diet review.↩ 1 · ↩ 2 · ↩ 3 · ↩ 4 · ↩ 5 · ↩ 6
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Fletcher RS et al. Nicotinamide riboside kinases display redundancy in mediating nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide riboside metabolism in skeletal muscle cells. Evidence boundary: Mouse and muscle-cell research on NR metabolism and NAD+ precursor pathways.↩
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Reactome. Complex I oxidises NADH to NAD+, reduces CoQ to CoQH2. Evidence boundary: Normal mitochondrial transfer of electrons from NADH through complex I to CoQ.↩
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Reactome. glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+. Evidence boundary: Normal glutathione recycling using NADPH.↩
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Reactome. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism. Evidence boundary: Riboflavin metabolism and the FMN/FAD cofactors used in cellular reactions.↩
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